Impact of Particulate Matter on Pre- and Post-Covid Lockdown in the Wards of Urban Jaipur

The impact of air pollutants on human health is a major issue that developing nations are facing in last decade. Effect of particulate matter especially PM2.5 and PM10 has been severely affecting mortality and morbidity in Rajasthan state as per global lead medical journal Lancet recent publication. Twelve air pollutant-monitoring sta tions in Jaipur city are not enough to predict the exact concentration of air pollutants in each of the 91 wards of Jaipur. In absence of accurate concentration at micro level, it becomes a major challenge for urban planners to remedial strategies. In this paper through GIS spatial distribution, a comparative study of particulate matter at each of the 91 wards during pre-lockdown for the year 2019 and post-lockdown 2020 was done. Results for 2020 showed slightly less pollution;similarly, air purity index, an indicator for healthier environment, was determined for each ward. © 2023 Scientific Publishers. All rights reserved.

Emotional risk work during the pandemic: Healthcare professionals' perceptions from a COVID-19 ward

In March 2020, COVID-19 wards were established in hospitals in Denmark. Healthcare professionals from a variety of specialities and wards were transferred to these new wards to care for patients admitted with severe COVID-19 infections. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in a COVID-19 ward at a hospital in Copenhagen, Denmark, including focus group interviews with nursing staff, we intended to explore practices in a COVID-19 ward by seeking insight into the relation between the work carried out and the professionals' ways of talking about it. We used a performative approach of studying how the institutional ways of handling pandemic risk work comes into being and relates to the health professionals' emerging responses. The empirical analysis pointed at emotional responses by the nursing staff providing COVID-19 care as central. To explore these emotional responses we draw on the work of Mary Douglas and Deborah Lupton's concept of the ‘emotion-risk-assemblage'. Our analysis provides insight into how emotions are contextually produced and linked to institutional risk understandings. We show that work in the COVID-19 ward was based on an institutional order that was disrupted during the pandemic, producing significant emotions of insecurity. Although these emotions are structurally produced, they are simultaneously internalised as feelings of incompetence and shame.

ANTIBIOTIC POINT PREVALENCE SURVEY DURING THE PANDEMIC IN A COVID-19 DESIGNATED HOSPITAL IN MALAYSIA

Recent reports have shown that antibiotics were commonly prescribed in COVID-19 designated hospitals throughout the pandemic in spite of it being ineffective in treating viruses such as SARS-COV 2 which is the pathogen responsible for causing COVID-19. We conducted a cross-sectional Point Prevalence Survey (PPS) involving all wards in Hospital Sungai Buloh. Each ward was audited within one day within the period of two weeks (1st December 2021 till 14th December 2021). All in-patients receiving IV or oral antibiotics at 8am on the day of survey were included in the study. A total of 200 out of 664 in-patients (30%) were treated with antibiotics during the study period. COVID ICU recorded the highest prevalence of patient on antibiotics (83%) followed by General Medical (43%). Majority of patients received antibiotics for empirical therapy (80%, 160/200) and community-acquired pneumonia was the most common indication documented (36.5%, 75/205), followed by hospital-acquired pneumonia, with 23.4% of total documented indication (48/205). We found that in half of the patients (104/200), clinicians did not document the indication of antibiotic. Rate of prescription that was compliant to guideline was higher than that of non-compliant to guideline from total of 139 cases recorded (68% vs 32%). We found that there was a significant association between rate of compliant to guideline with respiratory diseases (χ² = 5.37, p<0.05). Twenty-seven percent of patients received antibiotics for respiratory diseases not according to guideline recommendation. Majority of cases of non-compliance to guideline, were patient with respiratory diseases (58.7%, 27 out of 46 cases). This pandemic has had an impact on the use of antibiotics, where its use has been found to increase drastically, especially in critical and severe patients. This high use makes adherence to the guidelines become important and should be an ongoing indicator, also it can be used as a guide for antimicrobial stewardship intervention. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of International Journal of Infectious Diseases is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Molecular epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolated from patients in COVID-19 wards and ICUs in a Bulgarian University Hospital.

Many studies report an increase in antimicrobial resistance of Gram - negative bacteria during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our aim was to evaluate the epidemiological relationship between carbapenem-resistant (CR) Enterobacteriaceae isolates from patients in COVID-19 wards and to investigate the main mechanisms of carbapenem resistance in these isolates during the period April 2020-July 2021. A total of 45 isolates were studied: Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 37), Klebsiella oxytoca (n = 2), Enterobacter cloacae complex (n = 4) and Escherichia coli (n = 2). Multiplex PCR was used for detection of genes encoding carbapenemases from different classes (blaKPC, blaIMP, blaVIM, blaNDM, blaOXA-48). For epidemiological typing and analysis, ERIC PCR was performed. Two clinical isolates of E. cloacae, previously identified as representatives of two dominant hospital clones from the period 2014-2017, were included in the study for comparison. In the CR K. pneumoniae group, 23 (62.2%) carried blaKPC, 13 (35.1%) blaNDM, 10 (27.0%) blaVIM, and 9 (24.3%) were positive for both blaKPC and blaVIM. The blaKPC was identified also in the two isolates of K. oxytoca and blaVIM in all E. cloacae complex isolates. The two CR isolates of E. coli possessed blaKPC and blaOXA-48 genes. Epidemiological typing identified 18 ERIC profiles among K. pneumoniae, some presented as clusters of identical and/or closely related isolates. The carbapenem resistance in the studied collection of isolates is mediated mainly by blaKPC. During the COVID-19 pandemic intrahospital dissemination of CR K. pneumoniae, producing carbapenemases of different molecular classes, as well as continuing circulation of dominant hospital clones of multidrug-resistant E. cloacae complex was documented.

Application Of Neural Network For The Detection Of Covid-19 Or Viral Pneumonia

A bacterial infection in the lungs can cause viral pneumonia, a disease. Later the middle of December 2019, there have been multiple episodes of pneumonia in Wuhan City, China, with no known cause;it has since been discovered that this pneumonia is actually a new respiratory condition brought on by coronavirus infection. Humans who have lung abnormalities are more likely to develop high-risk conditions;this risk can be decreased with much quicker and more effective therapy. The symptoms of Covid-19 pneumonia are similar to those of viral pneumonia;they are not distinctive. X-ray or Computed Tomography (CT) scan images are used to identify lung abnormalities. Even for a skilled radiologist, it might be challenging to identify Covid-19/Viral pneumonia by looking at the X-ray images. For prompt and effective treatment, accurate diagnosis is essential. In this epidemic condition, delayed diagnosis can cause the number of cases to double, hence a suitable tool is required is necessary for the early identification of Covid-19. This paper highlights various AI techniques as a part of our contribution to swift identification and curie Covid-19 to front-line corona. The safety of Covid-19 people who have viral pneumonia is a concern. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN), two AI technologies from Deep Learning (DL), were utilized to identify Covid-19/Viral pneumonia. The Algorithm is taught utilizing non-public local hospitals or Covid-19 wards, as well as X-ray images of healthy lungs, fake lungs from viral pneumonia, and ostentatious lungs from Covid-19 that are all publicly available. The model is also validated over a lengthy period of time using the transfer learning technique. The results correspond with clinically tested positive Covid-19 patients who underwent Swap testing conducted by medical professionals, giving us an accuracy of 78 to 82 percent. We discovered that each DL model has a unique expertise after testing the various models. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results is the property of ResearchTrentz and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

An Efficient Medicine Identification and Delivery System Based on Mobile Manipulation Robot

In recent years, with the emergence of COVID-19, the shortage of medical resources has become increasingly obvious. However, current environments such as hospital wards still require a large number of medical staff to deliver medicines. In this paper, we propose a mobile robot that can complete medicine grabbing and delivery in a hospital ward scenario. First, a lightweight neural network is built to improve the detection efficiency of Faster R-CNN algorithm for boxed medicine. Then, the pose of the robotic arm grasping the pill box is determined by point cloud matching to control the mechanical grasping of the pill box. Finally, a discomfort function representing the collision risk between the robot and the pedestrian is incorporated into the Risk-RRT algorithm to improve the navigation performance of the algorithm. By building a real experimental platform, the experiments verify the performance of our proposed medicine delivery robot system. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.

Digital health and technologies.

Digital health was given impetus by the COVID-19 pandemic and demonstrated its potential for the delivery of safe care in the community. Remote monitoring and virtual wards are becoming mainstreamed across the UK. Artificial intelligence (AI) software has the potential to transform healthcare delivery but its trustworthiness is a key challenge. Positive staff attitudes towards digital health and new ways of working require staff education and engagement. Continued attention is required to meet the needs of those without access to digital technology and its use.

Investigating the impact of music therapy on two in-patient psychiatric wards for people living with dementia: retrospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: Music therapy can lift mood and reduce agitation for people living with dementia (PwD) in community and residential care settings, potentially reducing the prevalence of distress behaviours. However, less is known about the impact of music therapy on in-patient psychiatric wards for PwD. AIMS: To investigate the impact of music therapy on two in-patient psychiatric wards for PwD. METHOD: A mixed-methods design was used. Statistical analysis was conducted on incidents involving behaviours reported as 'disruptive and aggressive' in 2020, when music therapy delivery varied because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Semi-structured interviews conducted online with three music therapists and eight ward-based staff were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS: Quantitative findings showed a significant reduction in the frequency of behaviours reported as disruptive and aggressive on days with in-person music therapy (every 14 days) than on the same weekday with no or online music therapy (every 3.3 or 3.1 days, respectively). Qualitative findings support this, with music therapy reported by music therapists and staff members to be accessible and meaningful, lifting mood and reducing agitation, with benefits potentially lasting throughout the day and affecting the ward environment. CONCLUSIONS: We identified a significant reduction in the occurrence of distress behaviours on days with in-person music therapy when compared with no music therapy. Music therapy was reported to be a valuable intervention, supporting patient mood and reducing agitation. Interventional studies are needed to investigate the impact of music therapy and its optimum mode of delivery.

Factors Determining the Mood and Emotions of Nurses Working in Pediatric Wards-A Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: Mood and emotions are important aspects of social interactions. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the participation of these emotional states in the implementation of tasks resulting from specific professions. The aim of the study is to identify the factors that determine the mood and emotions of nurses working in pediatric wards. METHODS: The pilot studies presented in the paper were carried out using the diagnostic survey method. The collected data were obtained from the authors' own questionnaire and the standardized measurement tool "Scale for Measuring Mood and Six Emotions" by Bogdan Wojciszke and Wieslaw Baryla. The study included 121 nurses working in hospital pediatric wards. The survey questionnaire results were obtained online using Google Forms. RESULTS: Self-assessment of the health condition of nurses is statistically significantly correlated with all emotions and mood (p < 0.05). The better the self-assessment of health, the greater the positive mood measured by the General Mood Scale (GMS) and Mood Scales (MS). The financial situation showed a statistically significant correlation with guilt (p = 0.048), sadness (p = 0.041), and negative mood (p = 0.035). Single people, regardless of gender, were characterized by a greater experience of love (H = 13.497; p < 0.001). The higher the education, the greater the experience of love (p = 0.009). For people with specialization, the presence of negative emotions such as anger (p = 0.039) and guilt (p = 0.049) turned out to be statistically significant. The better the health of children staying in the ward, the higher the negative mood of nurses (p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS: There was a statistically significant relationship between certain demographic factors, self-assessment of health conditions with the specificity of working in pediatric wards, and the experience of mood and different emotions by nurses working with pediatric inpatients.

Medical clowns in Coronavirus wards: A milestone in further integration into Israeli hospitals.

BACKGROUND: During Covid-19, medical clowns disappeared from hospitals worldwide, ending their in-person visits. However, Israeli 'Dream Doctors' continued in children's wards and gained entrance to the Coronavirus wards. METHODS: Using qualitative data from interviews and digital ethnography, the involvement of medical clowns in Coronavirus wards and their challenges were studied. RESULTS: Medical clowns integrated mandatory protective gear and adapted their art: altering outfits, body language and interactivity. Spreading laughter and joy improved wards' ambience by uplifting patients', families' and staff's mood. Staff joined the clowns and loosened up in front of them. Reported need for this interaction was great and the clowns' intervention was crucial, leading to a successful trial in general wards, funded by one hospital. CONCLUSIONS: Additional working hours and direct payment increased medical clowning's integration in Israeli hospitals. Entering the general wards evolved from the clowns' involvement in the Coronavirus wards.

Comparison of hand hygiene compliance among healthcare workers in Intensive care units and wards of COVID-19: A large scale multicentric study in India.

BACKGROUND: Hand hygiene is a significant component involved in preventing transmission of health care associated infections including COVID-19. Compliance to hand hygiene among the health care workers (HCWs) requires evaluation and timely feedback. "You can't improve what you can't measure" is a famous saying and this multicentric study was designed to measure hand hygiene compliance and have birds eye view on hand hygiene compliance in COVID Intensive care units (ICUs) and wards across India. METHODS: A prospective multicentric observational study was conducted for a period of 6 months in 92 health care facility across India which included varied type of public and private hospitals. Hand hygiene audit was conducted in COVID ICU and COVID non-ICU wards in all these facilities by their HCWs using the IBHAR mobile application based on WHO's hand hygiene audit tool. Hand hygiene total adherence rate (HHTAR) and hand hygiene complete adherence rate (HHCAR) were analyzed and compared between 2 locations. Adherence rates were analyzed based on the zones, institute type, profession and for each WHO moments. RESULTS: A total of 1,61,056 hand hygiene opportunities were documented and adherence rates were recorded higher in COVID wards (HHTAR-61.4%; HHCAR-28.8%) than COVID ICUs (HHTAR-57.8%; HHCAR-25.6%). Overall, the adherence rates were observed higher in COVID wards (HHTAR- 68.1%; HHCAR-38.3%) of private hospitals, COVID wards of the west zone (HHTAR- 70.2%; HHCAR-36.8%), cleaning staffs of the COVID ward scores better compliance than all other professions in COVID ICUs and COVID wards. HHTAR was found to be the higher in moment 3 (After body fluid exposure-76.3%) followed by moment 4 (after touching patient-73.7%) done in COVID wards compared to moments done in ICUs. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the practice of hand hygiene in COVID care locations across India. Effective strategies need to be implemented in COVID ICUs across the facilities to improve the compliance.

Design and Implementation of Patient's Health Care Robot for Covid'19 Wards

Due to the obvious challenges created by COVID-19 and the resultant lockdowns, many people and businesses have appealed to robots in wards to assist them in dealing with the pandemic's issues. Perks of traditional human labour, robotics and similar technology provide a variety of advantages through-out the covid'19 pandamic. Despite natural viral immunity and the impossibility of any disease-causing virus to be transmitted from people to robots, the robotics industry still confronts a number of technological challenges.In this experiment, the robot examines the severity check of the patient with the temperature and pulse rate sensor and are demonstrated to be an overall suitable technique of dealing with many of the issues provided by COVID-19 wards.As a normal human it is difficult to enter the covid wards as it may cause transaction of virus from patient to a healthy individual, hence this robot combined with the treatments with possible circumstances to help the patient is been done. Convenient working of the robot also self sanitizes itself and has the dispensing methods to sanitise the area around the patients. The project's scope is to make a methodological approach to make social robots implemented to enhance the well-being of these persons who are most affected by the symptoms in covid wards. © 2022 IEEE.

The impact of continuous wireless monitoring on adverse device effects in medical and surgical wards: a review of current evidence.

Novel technologies allow continuous wireless monitoring systems (CWMS) to measure vital signs and these systems might be favorable compared to intermittent monitoring regarding improving outcomes. However, device safety needs to be validated because uncertain evidence challenges the clinical implementation of CWMS. This review investigates the frequency of device-related adverse events in patients monitored with CWMS in general hospital wards. Systematic literature searches were conducted in PubMed and Embase. We included trials of adult patients in general hospital wards monitored with CWMS. Our primary outcome was the frequency of unanticipated serious adverse device effects (USADEs). Secondary outcomes were adverse device effects (ADEs) and serious adverse device effects (SADE). Data were extracted from eligible studies and descriptive statistics were applied to analyze the data. Seven studies were eligible for inclusion with a total of 1485 patients monitored by CWMS. Of these patients, 54 patients experienced ADEs (3.6%, 95% CI 2.8-4.7%) and no USADEs or SADEs were reported (0%, 95% CI 0-0.31%). The studies of the SensiumVitals® patch, the iThermonitor, and the ViSi Mobile® device reported 28 (9%), 25 (5%), and 1 (3%) ADEs, respectively. No ADEs were reported using the HealthPatch, WARD 24/7 system, or Coviden Alarm Management. Current evidence suggests that CWMS are safe to use but systematic reporting of all adverse device effects is warranted.

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health and Quality of Life in COVID-19 Department Healthcare Workers in Central Greece.

BACKGROUND: The pandemic crisis created conditions of insecurity and threat and brought about changes in social contacts and everyday life. Frontline healthcare workers (HCW) were mostly affected. We aimed to evaluate the quality of life and negative emotions in COVID-19 HCW and searched for factors influencing the above. METHODS: The present study was conducted among three different academic hospitals in central Greece (04/2020-03/2021). Demographics, attitude towards COVID-19, quality of life, depression, anxiety, stress (using the WHOQOL-BREF and DASS21 questionnaire) and the fear of COVID-19 were assessed. Factors affecting the reported quality of life were also assessed. RESULTS: The study involved 170 HCW in COVID-19 dedicated departments. Moderate levels of quality of life (62.4%), satisfaction with social relations (42.4%), working environment (55.9%) and mental health (59.4%) were reported. Stress was present in 30.6% of HCW; 20.6% reported fear for COVID-19, depression (10.6%) and anxiety (8.2%). HCW in the tertiary hospital were more satisfied with social relations and working environment and had less anxiety. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) availability affected the quality of life, satisfaction in the work environment and the presence of anxiety and stress. Feeling safe during work influenced social relations and fear of COVID-19 Conclusion: The HCW quality of life is affected in the pandemic. Feelings of safety during work related to the reported quality of life.

Seasonal and spatial variations of bioaerosols and antibiotic resistance bacteria in different wards of the hospital

Introduction: Transmission of bioaerosols through the air is known as an important route for a wide range of nosocomial infections. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to evaluate the type and diversity of bioaerosols and antibiotic resistance of bacterial bioaerosols in the indoor environments of Sina educational and treatment hospital, Tabriz, Iran. Methods and materials: 150 samples of bacteria and fungi (75 fungi and 75 bacteria) bioaerosol samples were collected on petri dish containing Sabouraud dextrose agar from February to March and June to July 2020 in three periods of daytime (morning, noon and evening) according to National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH 0-800) standard. After sampling, fungal and bacterial samples were incubated and the disk diffusion agar method (Kirby-Bauer) was used for assessing the antibiotic resistance. Results: The concentration of bioaerosols varied significantly in different wards. In addition, the concentration of bioaerosols in winter was observed to be higher than in summer. The highest and lowest airborne fungal concentrations were found in burns operating room and men's infectious ward (49 CFU/m3) and children's burns ward (28 CFU/m3), respectively. The predominantly isolated bacteria were Streptococcus spp. (38%) and Staphylococcus spp. (37%). Also, the main isolated fungi belonged to the genera Aspergillus (75.9%) and Penicillium (22.5%). The highest rates of antibiotic resistance were observed for colistin (100%) in Gram-negative and penicillin (84.2%) in Gram-positive. Conclusion: Timely and regular disinfection of hospital wards can affect the density of bioaerosols. Owing to the prevalence of COVID-19 epidemic in the world, the staff and patients often were wearing masks, gloves and special clothing as well as using disinfectants to prevent coronavirus infection in wards during the summer sampling. © 2022 Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Published by Tehran University of Medical Sciences.

Length of Hospital Stay and Survival of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients During the Second Wave of the Pandemic: A Single Centre Retrospective Study from Slovenia.

Background: As of writing, there are no publications pertaining to the prediction of COVID-19-related outcomes and length of stay in patients from Slovene hospitals. Objectives: To evaluate the length of regular ward and ICU stays and assess the survival of COVID-19 patients to develop better prediction models to forecast hospital capacity and staffing demands in possible further pandemic peaks. Methods: In this retrospective, single-site study we analysed the length of stay and survival of all patients, hospitalized due to the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) at the peak of the second wave, between November 18th 2020 and January 27th 2021 at the University Clinic Golnik, Slovenia. Results: Out of 407 included patients, 59% were male. The median length of stay on regular wards was 7.5 (IQR 5-13) days, and the median ICU length of stay was 6 (IQR 4-11) days. Age, male sex, and ICU stay were significantly associated with a higher risk of death. The probability of dying in 21 days at the regular ward was 14.4% (95% CI [10.9-18%]) and at the ICU it was 43.6% (95% CI [19.3-51.8%]). Conclusion: The survival of COVID-19 is strongly affected by age, sex, and the fact that a patient had to be admitted to ICU, while the length of hospital bed occupancy is very similar across different demographic groups. Knowing the length of stay and admission rate to ICU is important for proper planning of resources during an epidemic.

Simultaneous monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 and bacterial profiles from the air of hospital environments with COVID-19-affected patients.

The SARS-CoV-2 presence and the bacterial community profile in air samples collected at the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of the Operational Unit of Infectious Diseases of Santa Caterina Novella Hospital in Galatina (Lecce, Italy) have been evaluated in this study. Air samplings were performed in different rooms of the ICU ward with and without COVID-19 patients. No sample was found positive to SARS-CoV-2, according to Allplex 2019-nCoV Assay. The airborne bacterial community profiles determined by the 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding approach up to the species level were characterized by richness and biodiversity indices, Spearman correlation coefficients, and Principal Coordinate Analysis. Pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacterial species, also detected in outdoor air samples, were found in all collected indoor samples. Staphylococcus pettenkoferi, Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum, and others coagulase-negative staphylococci, detected at high relative abundances in all the patients' rooms, were the most abundant pathogenic species. The highest mean relative abundance of S. pettenkoferi and C. tuberculostearicum suggested that they were likely the main pathogens of COVID-19 patients at the ICU ward of this study. The identification of nosocomial pathogens representing potential patients' risks in ICU COVID-19 rooms and the still controversial airborne transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 are the main contributions of this study. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10453-022-09754-7.

Delivering an Online Course on ‘COVID-19 Vaccination Campaign: Administration in Safety of the Anti SARS-COV 2/COVID-19 VACCINE’ for Nursing Students at Italian Universities

Many Italian universities had numerous nursing students attending hospital wards for administrating anti SARS-COV 2/COVID-19 vaccines. The training of nursing students was necessary to facilitate good practices, disseminate knowledge about anti SARS-COV 2/COVID-19 vaccines. On 22 December 2021, the Italian National Institute of Health (NIH) created a course that aimed to promote the anti-SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 vaccination strategy in the country, providing the basic skills, tools and technical-scientific contents necessary to guarantee all phases of the vaccination campaign, including the safe administration of vaccines and counteract vaccination hesitation through the involvement and informed participation of health and social health personnel towards the population. The purpose of this paper was to describe the method used by the Sapienza University of Rome in delivering the Italian NIH course nursing students at Italian universities. The research group in charge of delivering the course decided to use the Google Classroom platform. From the 03/02/2022 to 25/03/2022, 3154 students from 46 Italian universities attended the course. This paper represents a clear advantage in the field of e-learning, not only because it describes an effective method for delivering a course to many students but also because it demonstrates how health professions students can be protected while allowing them to continue or restart internships in health facilities more safely and with more awareness. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Social Interaction & Service Robot for Hospital Wards

As the era of industrial revolution 5.0 has begun, most of the robots are developed to have cyber inter-physical functionalities which are deemed to replace human activities. However, robots are rarely being utilized in the health care sector. In a medical institution, countless activities and events are happening simultaneously. Most of these are very precise, lifesaving and are on a time constraint. Heavy machinery and equipment are required to execute such events which is time-consuming and inconvenient. The robot specified helps with regular processes occurring on a day-to-day basis in the institution such as taking vitals and sanitization as well as transporting products on the go intelligently and safely. This robot is good at mapping rooms using the internal GPS, the robot can effectively communicate and output simple messages with the patients via, a display screen. Human intervention plays a vital role in preventing the health care workers from coming in contact with the covid-19. © 2022 IEEE.